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1 #summary Notes on the semantic rules of elements in the D programming language
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2 == Type Rules ==
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3 [http://dil.googlecode.com/files/typerules.html Tables] of type rules.
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4
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5 == Classes ==
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6 * Inherits from Object (defined in module object) if no base class is specified.
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7 * May inherit only from one class (single inheritance.)
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8 * May inherit zero to any number of interfaces.
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9 * The inheritance graph must not have any cycles.
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10 * All classes can be implicitly cast to object.Object.
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11 * Methods are "virtual" by default.
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12 * Is a reference type.
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13 * Instances are allocated on the heap (or on the stack; see attribute 'scope'.)
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14 * Every class has a !ClassInfo (from module object.)
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15 * Attributes:
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16 * abstract: class can't be instantiated.
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17 * final: disallows inheritance by other classes.
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18 * scope: instances are allocated on the stack. Variable declarations of this class must be marked with the scope attribute.
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19 * const, invariant: D2.0 feature. All declarations inside the class body are marked as const or invariant.
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20 * deprecated: using the class is an error.
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21 * static: if a nested class is static it cannot access variables in the surrounding scope.
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22 * Meaningless: auto, extern, override, synchronized.
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23 == Structs ==
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24 * 'align' attribute has only a meaning for and in structs.
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25 * Can't inherit other structs.
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26 * Is a value type.
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27 == Interfaces ==
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28 * Can't have fields (member variables.)
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29 * Methods must be declared but not defined (i.e. no function body.)
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30 * Can inherit other interfaces.
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31 == Enums ==
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32 * The base type must be integral and it defaults to int.
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33 * Named enums have their own scopes.
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34 * The members of an anonymous enum are inserted into the scope that surrounds the enum declaration.
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35 == Functions ==
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36 * Variable declarations may not shadow other variables in the surrounding scopes. E.g: `void f(){ int a; { int a;/* Error: shadows outer 'a'*/ } }`
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37 == Variables ==
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38 * Declarations are default initialized to Type.init.
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39 == Imports ==
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40 * Private importing is the default.
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41 == Labels ==
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42 * They are stored in a separate symbol table.
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