Mercurial > projects > ldc

view dmd/expression.h @ 1168:ab186e535e72

Find changesets by keywords (author, files, the commit message), revision number or hash, or revset expression.
A different fix to #218 and DMD2682 that does not lead to constant folding regressions. Fixes run/const_15, run/c/const_16_B. The price is removing the lvalueness of struct literals. If it turns out too much code depends on this behavior or we don't want to break with DMD, we could keep struct literals as lvalues and instead convert struct literals used as expression initializers into struct initializers.
author Christian Kamm <kamm incasoftware de>
date Sun, 29 Mar 2009 11:43:45 +0200
parents 521dd1626d76
children e961851fb8be
line wrap: on
line source


// Compiler implementation of the D programming language
// Copyright (c) 1999-2008 by Digital Mars
// All Rights Reserved
// written by Walter Bright
// http://www.digitalmars.com
// License for redistribution is by either the Artistic License
// in artistic.txt, or the GNU General Public License in gnu.txt.
// See the included readme.txt for details.

#ifndef DMD_EXPRESSION_H
#define DMD_EXPRESSION_H

#include "mars.h"
#include "identifier.h"
#include "lexer.h"
#include "arraytypes.h"

struct Type;
struct Scope;
struct TupleDeclaration;
struct VarDeclaration;
struct FuncDeclaration;
struct FuncLiteralDeclaration;
struct Declaration;
struct CtorDeclaration;
struct NewDeclaration;
struct Dsymbol;
struct Import;
struct Module;
struct ScopeDsymbol;
struct InlineCostState;
struct InlineDoState;
struct InlineScanState;
struct Expression;
struct Declaration;
struct AggregateDeclaration;
struct StructDeclaration;
struct TemplateInstance;
struct TemplateDeclaration;
struct ClassDeclaration;
struct HdrGenState;
struct BinExp;
struct InterState;
struct OverloadSet;

enum TOK;

#if IN_DMD
// Back end
struct IRState;

struct dt_t;
struct elem;
struct Symbol;		// back end symbol
#endif

#ifdef IN_GCC
union tree_node; typedef union tree_node elem;
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
struct IRState;
struct DValue;
namespace llvm {
    class Constant;
    class ConstantInt;
}
#endif

void initPrecedence();

Expression *resolveProperties(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
void accessCheck(Loc loc, Scope *sc, Expression *e, Declaration *d);
Dsymbol *search_function(AggregateDeclaration *ad, Identifier *funcid);
void inferApplyArgTypes(enum TOK op, Arguments *arguments, Expression *aggr);
void argExpTypesToCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments, HdrGenState *hgs);
void argsToCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments, HdrGenState *hgs);
void expandTuples(Expressions *exps);
FuncDeclaration *hasThis(Scope *sc);
Expression *fromConstInitializer(int result, Expression *e);
int arrayExpressionCanThrow(Expressions *exps);

struct Expression : Object
{
    Loc loc;			// file location
    enum TOK op;		// handy to minimize use of dynamic_cast
    Type *type;			// !=NULL means that semantic() has been run
    int size;			// # of bytes in Expression so we can copy() it

    Expression(Loc loc, enum TOK op, int size);
    Expression *copy();
    virtual Expression *syntaxCopy();
    virtual Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);

    int dyncast() { return DYNCAST_EXPRESSION; }	// kludge for template.isExpression()

    void print();
    char *toChars();
    virtual void dump(int indent);
    void error(const char *format, ...);
    void warning(const char *format, ...);
    virtual void rvalue();

    static Expression *combine(Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    static Expressions *arraySyntaxCopy(Expressions *exps);

    virtual integer_t toInteger();
    virtual uinteger_t toUInteger();
    virtual real_t toReal();
    virtual real_t toImaginary();
    virtual complex_t toComplex();
    virtual void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    virtual void toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf);
    virtual Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    virtual Expression *modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    Expression *implicitCastTo(Scope *sc, Type *t);
    virtual MATCH implicitConvTo(Type *t);
    virtual Expression *castTo(Scope *sc, Type *t);
    virtual void checkEscape();
    void checkScalar();
    void checkNoBool();
    Expression *checkIntegral();
    Expression *checkArithmetic();
    void checkDeprecated(Scope *sc, Dsymbol *s);
    virtual Expression *checkToBoolean();
    Expression *checkToPointer();
    Expression *addressOf(Scope *sc);
    Expression *deref();
    Expression *integralPromotions(Scope *sc);

    Expression *toDelegate(Scope *sc, Type *t);
    virtual void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);

    virtual Expression *optimize(int result);
    #define WANTflags	1
    #define WANTvalue	2
    #define WANTinterpret 4

    virtual Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);

    virtual int isConst();
    virtual int isBool(int result);
    virtual int isBit();
    virtual int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    virtual int canThrow();

    virtual int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    virtual Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    virtual Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

    // For operator overloading
    virtual int isCommutative();
    virtual Identifier *opId();
    virtual Identifier *opId_r();

    // For array ops
    virtual void buildArrayIdent(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments);
    virtual Expression *buildArrayLoop(Arguments *fparams);

#if IN_DMD
    // Back end
    virtual elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
    virtual dt_t **toDt(dt_t **pdt);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    virtual DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    virtual llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
    virtual void cacheLvalue(IRState* irs);

    llvm::Value* cachedLvalue;
#endif
};

struct IntegerExp : Expression
{
    integer_t value;

    IntegerExp(Loc loc, integer_t value, Type *type);
    IntegerExp(integer_t value);
    int equals(Object *o);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    char *toChars();
    void dump(int indent);
    integer_t toInteger();
    real_t toReal();
    real_t toImaginary();
    complex_t toComplex();
    int isConst();
    int isBool(int result);
    MATCH implicitConvTo(Type *t);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf);
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
    dt_t **toDt(dt_t **pdt);
#elif IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
};

struct RealExp : Expression
{
    real_t value;

    RealExp(Loc loc, real_t value, Type *type);
    int equals(Object *o);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    char *toChars();
    integer_t toInteger();
    uinteger_t toUInteger();
    real_t toReal();
    real_t toImaginary();
    complex_t toComplex();
    Expression *castTo(Scope *sc, Type *t);
    int isConst();
    int isBool(int result);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
    dt_t **toDt(dt_t **pdt);
#elif IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
};

struct ComplexExp : Expression
{
    complex_t value;

    ComplexExp(Loc loc, complex_t value, Type *type);
    int equals(Object *o);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    char *toChars();
    integer_t toInteger();
    uinteger_t toUInteger();
    real_t toReal();
    real_t toImaginary();
    complex_t toComplex();
    Expression *castTo(Scope *sc, Type *t);
    int isConst();
    int isBool(int result);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf);
#ifdef _DH
    OutBuffer hexp;
#endif
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
    dt_t **toDt(dt_t **pdt);
#elif IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
};

struct IdentifierExp : Expression
{
    Identifier *ident;
    Declaration *var;

    IdentifierExp(Loc loc, Identifier *ident);
    IdentifierExp(Loc loc, Declaration *var);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    char *toChars();
    void dump(int indent);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
};

struct DollarExp : IdentifierExp
{
    DollarExp(Loc loc);
};

struct DsymbolExp : Expression
{
    Dsymbol *s;

    DsymbolExp(Loc loc, Dsymbol *s);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    char *toChars();
    void dump(int indent);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
};

struct ThisExp : Expression
{
    Declaration *var;

    ThisExp(Loc loc);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    int isBool(int result);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    //Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct SuperExp : ThisExp
{
    SuperExp(Loc loc);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    //Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);
};

struct NullExp : Expression
{
    unsigned char committed;	// !=0 if type is committed

    NullExp(Loc loc);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    int isBool(int result);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf);
    MATCH implicitConvTo(Type *t);
    Expression *castTo(Scope *sc, Type *t);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
    dt_t **toDt(dt_t **pdt);
#elif IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
};

struct StringExp : Expression
{
    void *string;	// char, wchar, or dchar data
    size_t len;		// number of chars, wchars, or dchars
    unsigned char sz;	// 1: char, 2: wchar, 4: dchar
    unsigned char committed;	// !=0 if type is committed
    unsigned char postfix;	// 'c', 'w', 'd'

    StringExp(Loc loc, char *s);
    StringExp(Loc loc, void *s, size_t len);
    StringExp(Loc loc, void *s, size_t len, unsigned char postfix);
    //Expression *syntaxCopy();
    int equals(Object *o);
    char *toChars();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    StringExp *toUTF8(Scope *sc);
    MATCH implicitConvTo(Type *t);
    Expression *castTo(Scope *sc, Type *t);
    int compare(Object *obj);
    int isBool(int result);
    unsigned charAt(size_t i);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
    dt_t **toDt(dt_t **pdt);
#elif IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
};

// Tuple

struct TupleExp : Expression
{
    Expressions *exps;

    TupleExp(Loc loc, Expressions *exps);
    TupleExp(Loc loc, TupleDeclaration *tup);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    int equals(Object *o);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);
    void checkEscape();
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    Expression *castTo(Scope *sc, Type *t);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct ArrayLiteralExp : Expression
{
    Expressions *elements;

    ArrayLiteralExp(Loc loc, Expressions *elements);
    ArrayLiteralExp(Loc loc, Expression *e);

    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    int isBool(int result);
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf);
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    MATCH implicitConvTo(Type *t);
    Expression *castTo(Scope *sc, Type *t);

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
    dt_t **toDt(dt_t **pdt);
#elif IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
};

struct AssocArrayLiteralExp : Expression
{
    Expressions *keys;
    Expressions *values;

    AssocArrayLiteralExp(Loc loc, Expressions *keys, Expressions *values);

    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    int isBool(int result);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf);
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    MATCH implicitConvTo(Type *t);
    Expression *castTo(Scope *sc, Type *t);

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
};

struct StructLiteralExp : Expression
{
    StructDeclaration *sd;		// which aggregate this is for
    Expressions *elements;	// parallels sd->fields[] with
				// NULL entries for fields to skip

#if IN_DMD
    Symbol *sym;		// back end symbol to initialize with literal
#endif
    size_t soffset;		// offset from start of s
    int fillHoles;		// fill alignment 'holes' with zero

    StructLiteralExp(Loc loc, StructDeclaration *sd, Expressions *elements);

    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *getField(Type *type, unsigned offset);
    int getFieldIndex(Type *type, unsigned offset);
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf);
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    // LDC: struct literals aren't lvalues! Taking their address can lead to 
    //      incorrect behavior, see LDC#218, DMD#2682
    // Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
    dt_t **toDt(dt_t **pdt);
#elif IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
};

struct TypeDotIdExp : Expression
{
    Identifier *ident;

    TypeDotIdExp(Loc loc, Type *type, Identifier *ident);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct TypeExp : Expression
{
    TypeExp(Loc loc, Type *type);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct ScopeExp : Expression
{
    ScopeDsymbol *sds;

    ScopeExp(Loc loc, ScopeDsymbol *sds);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct TemplateExp : Expression
{
    TemplateDeclaration *td;

    TemplateExp(Loc loc, TemplateDeclaration *td);
    void rvalue();
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
};

struct NewExp : Expression
{
    /* thisexp.new(newargs) newtype(arguments)
     */
    Expression *thisexp;	// if !NULL, 'this' for class being allocated
    Expressions *newargs;	// Array of Expression's to call new operator
    Type *newtype;
    Expressions *arguments;	// Array of Expression's

    CtorDeclaration *member;	// constructor function
    NewDeclaration *allocator;	// allocator function
    int onstack;		// allocate on stack

    NewExp(Loc loc, Expression *thisexp, Expressions *newargs,
	Type *newtype, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);

    //int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    //Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct NewAnonClassExp : Expression
{
    /* thisexp.new(newargs) class baseclasses { } (arguments)
     */
    Expression *thisexp;	// if !NULL, 'this' for class being allocated
    Expressions *newargs;	// Array of Expression's to call new operator
    ClassDeclaration *cd;	// class being instantiated
    Expressions *arguments;	// Array of Expression's to call class constructor

    NewAnonClassExp(Loc loc, Expression *thisexp, Expressions *newargs,
	ClassDeclaration *cd, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
};

// Offset from symbol

struct SymOffExp : Expression
{
    Declaration *var;
    unsigned offset;

    SymOffExp(Loc loc, Declaration *var, unsigned offset);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void checkEscape();
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    int isConst();
    int isBool(int result);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    MATCH implicitConvTo(Type *t);
    Expression *castTo(Scope *sc, Type *t);
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
    dt_t **toDt(dt_t **pdt);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

// Variable

struct VarExp : Expression
{
    Declaration *var;

    VarExp(Loc loc, Declaration *var);
    int equals(Object *o);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void dump(int indent);
    char *toChars();
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void checkEscape();
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    Expression *modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
    dt_t **toDt(dt_t **pdt);
#endif
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    //Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
    void cacheLvalue(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

#if DMDV2
// Overload Set

struct OverExp : Expression
{
    OverloadSet *vars;

    OverExp(OverloadSet *s);
    int isLvalue();
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
};
#endif

// Function/Delegate literal

struct FuncExp : Expression
{
    FuncLiteralDeclaration *fd;

    FuncExp(Loc loc, FuncLiteralDeclaration *fd);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);
    char *toChars();
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    //Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    //Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
};

// Declaration of a symbol

struct DeclarationExp : Expression
{
    Dsymbol *declaration;

    DeclarationExp(Loc loc, Dsymbol *declaration);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct TypeidExp : Expression
{
    Type *typeidType;

    TypeidExp(Loc loc, Type *typeidType);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
};

#if DMDV2
struct TraitsExp : Expression
{
    Identifier *ident;
    Objects *args;

    TraitsExp(Loc loc, Identifier *ident, Objects *args);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
};
#endif

struct HaltExp : Expression
{
    HaltExp(Loc loc);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct IsExp : Expression
{
    /* is(targ id tok tspec)
     * is(targ id == tok2)
     */
    Type *targ;
    Identifier *id;	// can be NULL
    enum TOK tok;	// ':' or '=='
    Type *tspec;	// can be NULL
    enum TOK tok2;	// 'struct', 'union', 'typedef', etc.

    IsExp(Loc loc, Type *targ, Identifier *id, enum TOK tok, Type *tspec, enum TOK tok2);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
};

/****************************************************************/

struct UnaExp : Expression
{
    Expression *e1;

    UnaExp(Loc loc, enum TOK op, int size, Expression *e1);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    void dump(int indent);
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);
    Expression *interpretCommon(InterState *istate, Expression *(*fp)(Type *, Expression *));

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

    Expression *op_overload(Scope *sc);	// doesn't need to be virtual
};

struct BinExp : Expression
{
    Expression *e1;
    Expression *e2;

    BinExp(Loc loc, enum TOK op, int size, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *semanticp(Scope *sc);
    Expression *commonSemanticAssign(Scope *sc);
    Expression *commonSemanticAssignIntegral(Scope *sc);
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    Expression *scaleFactor(Scope *sc);
    Expression *typeCombine(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    int isunsigned();
    void incompatibleTypes();
    void dump(int indent);
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);
    Expression *interpretCommon(InterState *istate, Expression *(*fp)(Type *, Expression *, Expression *));
    Expression *interpretCommon2(InterState *istate, Expression *(*fp)(TOK, Type *, Expression *, Expression *));
    Expression *interpretAssignCommon(InterState *istate, Expression *(*fp)(Type *, Expression *, Expression *), int post = 0);
    Expression *arrayOp(Scope *sc);

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

    Expression *op_overload(Scope *sc);

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElemBin(IRState *irs, int op);
#endif
};

struct BinAssignExp : BinExp
{
    BinAssignExp(Loc loc, enum TOK op, int size, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
};

/****************************************************************/

struct CompileExp : UnaExp
{
    CompileExp(Loc loc, Expression *e);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
};

struct FileExp : UnaExp
{
    FileExp(Loc loc, Expression *e);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
};

struct AssertExp : UnaExp
{
    Expression *msg;

    AssertExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Expression *msg = NULL);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct DotIdExp : UnaExp
{
    Identifier *ident;

    DotIdExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Identifier *ident);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void dump(int i);
};

struct DotTemplateExp : UnaExp
{
    TemplateDeclaration *td;
    
    DotTemplateExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, TemplateDeclaration *td);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
};

struct DotVarExp : UnaExp
{
    Declaration *var;

    DotVarExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Declaration *var);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    Expression *modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void dump(int indent);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    void cacheLvalue(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct DotTemplateInstanceExp : UnaExp
{
    TemplateInstance *ti;

    DotTemplateInstanceExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, TemplateInstance *ti);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void dump(int indent);
};

struct DelegateExp : UnaExp
{
    FuncDeclaration *func;

    DelegateExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, FuncDeclaration *func);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    MATCH implicitConvTo(Type *t);
    Expression *castTo(Scope *sc, Type *t);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void dump(int indent);

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct DotTypeExp : UnaExp
{
    Dsymbol *sym;		// symbol that represents a type

    DotTypeExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Dsymbol *sym);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct CallExp : UnaExp
{
    Expressions *arguments;	// function arguments

    CallExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Expressions *exps);
    CallExp(Loc loc, Expression *e);
    CallExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Expression *earg1);
    CallExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Expression *earg1, Expression *earg2);

    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void dump(int indent);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct AddrExp : UnaExp
{
    AddrExp(Loc loc, Expression *e);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
    MATCH implicitConvTo(Type *t);
    Expression *castTo(Scope *sc, Type *t);
    Expression *optimize(int result);

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
};

struct PtrExp : UnaExp
{
    PtrExp(Loc loc, Expression *e);
    PtrExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Type *t);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    void cacheLvalue(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct NegExp : UnaExp
{
    NegExp(Loc loc, Expression *e);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void buildArrayIdent(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *buildArrayLoop(Arguments *fparams);

    // For operator overloading
    Identifier *opId();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct UAddExp : UnaExp
{
    UAddExp(Loc loc, Expression *e);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);

    // For operator overloading
    Identifier *opId();
};

struct ComExp : UnaExp
{
    ComExp(Loc loc, Expression *e);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void buildArrayIdent(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *buildArrayLoop(Arguments *fparams);

    // For operator overloading
    Identifier *opId();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct NotExp : UnaExp
{
    NotExp(Loc loc, Expression *e);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    int isBit();
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct BoolExp : UnaExp
{
    BoolExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Type *type);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    int isBit();
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct DeleteExp : UnaExp
{
    DeleteExp(Loc loc, Expression *e);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *checkToBoolean();
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct CastExp : UnaExp
{
    // Possible to cast to one type while painting to another type
    Type *to;			// type to cast to

    CastExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Type *t);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    void checkEscape();
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

    // For operator overloading
    Identifier *opId();

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
};


struct SliceExp : UnaExp
{
    Expression *upr;		// NULL if implicit 0
    Expression *lwr;		// NULL if implicit [length - 1]
    VarDeclaration *lengthVar;

    SliceExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *lwr, Expression *upr);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void checkEscape();
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    Expression *modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void dump(int indent);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);
    void buildArrayIdent(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *buildArrayLoop(Arguments *fparams);

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
#endif
};

struct ArrayLengthExp : UnaExp
{
    ArrayLengthExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

// e1[a0,a1,a2,a3,...]

struct ArrayExp : UnaExp
{
    Expressions *arguments;		// Array of Expression's

    ArrayExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);

    // For operator overloading
    Identifier *opId();

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);
};

/****************************************************************/

struct DotExp : BinExp
{
    DotExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
};

struct CommaExp : BinExp
{
    CommaExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    void checkEscape();
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    Expression *modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    int isBool(int result);
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct IndexExp : BinExp
{
    VarDeclaration *lengthVar;
    int modifiable;

    IndexExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    Expression *modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#elif IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
    void cacheLvalue(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

/* For both i++ and i--
 */
struct PostExp : BinExp
{
    PostExp(enum TOK op, Loc loc, Expression *e);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    Identifier *opId();    // For operator overloading
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct AssignExp : BinExp
{   int ismemset;	// !=0 if setting the contents of an array

    AssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *checkToBoolean();
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    Identifier *opId();    // For operator overloading
    void buildArrayIdent(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *buildArrayLoop(Arguments *fparams);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

#if IN_DMD
#define ASSIGNEXP_TOELEM    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#elif IN_LLVM
#define ASSIGNEXP_TOELEM    DValue* toElem(IRState *irs);
#else
#define ASSIGNEXP_TOELEM
#endif

#define ASSIGNEXP(op)	\
struct op##AssignExp : BinExp					\
{								\
    op##AssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);	\
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);				\
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);			\
    X(void buildArrayIdent(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments);) \
    X(Expression *buildArrayLoop(Arguments *fparams);)		\
								\
    Identifier *opId();    /* For operator overloading */	\
								\
    ASSIGNEXP_TOELEM					        \
};

#define X(a) a
ASSIGNEXP(Add)
ASSIGNEXP(Min)
ASSIGNEXP(Mul)
ASSIGNEXP(Div)
ASSIGNEXP(Mod)
ASSIGNEXP(And)
ASSIGNEXP(Or)
ASSIGNEXP(Xor)
#undef X

#define X(a)

ASSIGNEXP(Shl)
ASSIGNEXP(Shr)
ASSIGNEXP(Ushr)
ASSIGNEXP(Cat)

#undef X
#undef ASSIGNEXP
#undef ASSIGNEXP_TOELEM

struct AddExp : BinExp
{
    AddExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void buildArrayIdent(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *buildArrayLoop(Arguments *fparams);

    // For operator overloading
    int isCommutative();
    Identifier *opId();
    Identifier *opId_r();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct MinExp : BinExp
{
    MinExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void buildArrayIdent(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *buildArrayLoop(Arguments *fparams);

    // For operator overloading
    Identifier *opId();
    Identifier *opId_r();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct CatExp : BinExp
{
    CatExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);

    // For operator overloading
    Identifier *opId();
    Identifier *opId_r();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct MulExp : BinExp
{
    MulExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void buildArrayIdent(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *buildArrayLoop(Arguments *fparams);

    // For operator overloading
    int isCommutative();
    Identifier *opId();
    Identifier *opId_r();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct DivExp : BinExp
{
    DivExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void buildArrayIdent(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *buildArrayLoop(Arguments *fparams);

    // For operator overloading
    Identifier *opId();
    Identifier *opId_r();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct ModExp : BinExp
{
    ModExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void buildArrayIdent(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *buildArrayLoop(Arguments *fparams);

    // For operator overloading
    Identifier *opId();
    Identifier *opId_r();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct ShlExp : BinExp
{
    ShlExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);

    // For operator overloading
    Identifier *opId();
    Identifier *opId_r();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct ShrExp : BinExp
{
    ShrExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);

    // For operator overloading
    Identifier *opId();
    Identifier *opId_r();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct UshrExp : BinExp
{
    UshrExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);

    // For operator overloading
    Identifier *opId();
    Identifier *opId_r();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct AndExp : BinExp
{
    AndExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void buildArrayIdent(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *buildArrayLoop(Arguments *fparams);

    // For operator overloading
    int isCommutative();
    Identifier *opId();
    Identifier *opId_r();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct OrExp : BinExp
{
    OrExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void buildArrayIdent(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *buildArrayLoop(Arguments *fparams);

    // For operator overloading
    int isCommutative();
    Identifier *opId();
    Identifier *opId_r();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct XorExp : BinExp
{
    XorExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void buildArrayIdent(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments);
    Expression *buildArrayLoop(Arguments *fparams);

    // For operator overloading
    int isCommutative();
    Identifier *opId();
    Identifier *opId_r();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct OrOrExp : BinExp
{
    OrOrExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *checkToBoolean();
    int isBit();
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct AndAndExp : BinExp
{
    AndAndExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *checkToBoolean();
    int isBit();
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct CmpExp : BinExp
{
    CmpExp(enum TOK op, Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    int isBit();

    // For operator overloading
    int isCommutative();
    Identifier *opId();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct InExp : BinExp
{
    InExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    int isBit();

    // For operator overloading
    Identifier *opId();
    Identifier *opId_r();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

struct RemoveExp : BinExp
{
    RemoveExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

// == and !=

struct EqualExp : BinExp
{
    EqualExp(enum TOK op, Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    int isBit();

    // For operator overloading
    int isCommutative();
    Identifier *opId();

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

// === and !===

struct IdentityExp : BinExp
{
    IdentityExp(enum TOK op, Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    int isBit();
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

/****************************************************************/

struct CondExp : BinExp
{
    Expression *econd;

    CondExp(Loc loc, Expression *econd, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
    Expression *syntaxCopy();
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *optimize(int result);
    Expression *interpret(InterState *istate);
    void checkEscape();
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    Expression *modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);
    Expression *checkToBoolean();
    int checkSideEffect(int flag);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    MATCH implicitConvTo(Type *t);
    Expression *castTo(Scope *sc, Type *t);
    void scanForNestedRef(Scope *sc);

    int inlineCost(InlineCostState *ics);
    Expression *doInline(InlineDoState *ids);
    Expression *inlineScan(InlineScanState *iss);

#if IN_DMD
    elem *toElem(IRState *irs);
#endif

#if IN_LLVM
    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
#endif
};

#if DMDV2
/****************************************************************/

struct DefaultInitExp : Expression
{
    enum TOK subop;		// which of the derived classes this is

    DefaultInitExp(Loc loc, enum TOK subop, int size);
    virtual Expression *resolve(Loc loc, Scope *sc) = 0;
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
};

struct FileInitExp : DefaultInitExp
{
    FileInitExp(Loc loc);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *resolve(Loc loc, Scope *sc);
};

struct LineInitExp : DefaultInitExp
{
    LineInitExp(Loc loc);
    Expression *semantic(Scope *sc);
    Expression *resolve(Loc loc, Scope *sc);
};
#endif

/****************************************************************/

#if IN_LLVM

// this stuff is strictly LDC

struct GEPExp : UnaExp
{
    unsigned index;
    Identifier* ident;

    GEPExp(Loc loc, Expression* e, Identifier* id, unsigned idx);
    void toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs);
    Expression *toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e);

    DValue* toElem(IRState* irs);
    llvm::Constant *toConstElem(IRState *irs);
};

#endif

/****************************************************************/

/* Special values used by the interpreter
 */
#define EXP_CANT_INTERPRET	((Expression *)1)
#define EXP_CONTINUE_INTERPRET	((Expression *)2)
#define EXP_BREAK_INTERPRET	((Expression *)3)
#define EXP_GOTO_INTERPRET	((Expression *)4)
#define EXP_VOID_INTERPRET	((Expression *)5)

Expression *expType(Type *type, Expression *e);

Expression *Neg(Type *type, Expression *e1);
Expression *Com(Type *type, Expression *e1);
Expression *Not(Type *type, Expression *e1);
Expression *Bool(Type *type, Expression *e1);
Expression *Cast(Type *type, Type *to, Expression *e1);
Expression *ArrayLength(Type *type, Expression *e1);
Expression *Ptr(Type *type, Expression *e1);

Expression *Add(Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
Expression *Min(Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
Expression *Mul(Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
Expression *Div(Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
Expression *Mod(Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
Expression *Shl(Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
Expression *Shr(Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
Expression *Ushr(Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
Expression *And(Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
Expression *Or(Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
Expression *Xor(Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
Expression *Index(Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
Expression *Cat(Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);

Expression *Equal(enum TOK op, Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
Expression *Cmp(enum TOK op, Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);
Expression *Identity(enum TOK op, Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *e2);

Expression *Slice(Type *type, Expression *e1, Expression *lwr, Expression *upr);

#endif /* DMD_EXPRESSION_H */